Guhitamo Ibikoresho Byukuri Byibanze Kuri - Gushonga Ubushyuhe

1. Intangiriro

Mubisabwa, hejuru - bifitemo ibice bya metallurgie igezweho, ibikoresho bigezweho siyanse, gukora ibirahuri kabuhariwe, gushora imari mu buryo bwuzuye, hamwe na sintezike y’imiti yo mu rwego rwo hejuru -, ibikoresho bike birakomeye, cyangwa bihanishwa ibihano bikabije, nk’inganda zikomeye. Gukora nkibikoresho byibanze, byingirakamaro kubintu byabigenewe byashongeshejwe, umunyu ushongeshejwe, imyunyu ngugu, hamwe na ultra - hejuru - yera yubutaka bwera, ikintu cyingenzi kigomba guhora cyihanganira ubushyuhe bwibikorwa byazamutse bikagera kuri dogere selisiyusi 1500 mugihe kimwe icyarimwe kigakomeza ubusugire bwuzuye bwububiko, umutekano muke, hamwe nubushakashatsi bwimiti. Guhitamo ibikoresho bikwiye kubikorwa byubushyuhe bwihariye ntabwo ari umurimo wubuhanga bworoshye; gutoranya ibintu nabi birashobora kuganisha ku buryo butaziguye kunanirwa kwubaka, ibyuma bishongeshejwe byuma bishongeshejwe, kwangirika kw itanura ryinshi, no kwanduza ibyiciro bikabije byangiza ibikorwa byose byinganda.

Mugihe ibikorwa byinganda bigezweho bigenda bikomeza gutera hejuru yubushyuhe bwo hejuru, ibisabwa bikarishye byimiti isukuye, hamwe nogukoresha imiti igabanya ubukana, kumenya neza ibitangazamakuru byabigenewe byabaye ingenzi kubantu ba metallurgiste ndetse naba injeniyeri batunganya. Buri kintu cyingenzi gifite umwirondoro wihariye, wihariye cyane wubushyuhe, ubukanishi, na chimique byerekana neza neza nibikorwa byihariye byo gukora. Niba injeniyeri arimo gushonga ibyuma byagaciro mumashanyarazi mato mato, atanga umusaruro - imikorere ya superalloys yo hejuru ya turbine yo mu kirere, cyangwa gukura - ya kirisita ya safiro mu itanura ryihariye rya vacuum, guhitamo icyingenzi byerekana intsinzi ikomeye cyangwa gutsindwa bihenze. Iyi ngingo yuzuye irasesengura ibintu byingenzi byatoranijwe, ibyiciro byingenzi byingenzi, imikorere myiza yinganda, ninganda - porogaramu zihariye ziyobora abanyamwuga muguhitamo igikwiye kubikorwa byo gushonga ubushyuhe -.

2. Ibintu byingenzi muguhitamo ibikoresho byingenzi

Ibiranga Ubushyuhe hamwe nubushyuhe bwumuriro

Icyitonderwa cyambere mugihe usuzumye ubushyuhe buri hejuru - ubushyuhe bukomeye ni ibisobanuro birambuye byerekana ubushyuhe. Ikibumbano gikwiye kigomba kuba gifite aho gishonga no koroshya urwego rurenze cyane ubushyuhe ntarengwa bwo gukora bwumuriro ushongeshejwe urimo. Ariko, gutunga ahantu hirengeye byonyine ntibihagije rwose kugirango usabe ibidukikije. Kurwanya ubushyuhe bwumuriro - bisobanurwa nkubushobozi bwibikoresho byo guhangana n’imihindagurikire y’ubushyuhe bukabije, nta guturika, gutemba, cyangwa guhura n’imvune zikomeye - nazo zirakomeye. Iyo imbeho ikonje ijugunywe mu buryo butunguranye mu itanura ryinjira cyangwa mu itanura rirwanya, cyangwa iyo ibintu bishongeshejwe bisutswe cyangwa bisohotse vuba, amashanyarazi manini akura vuba vuba hejuru yinkuta zibyibushye. Ibikoresho birimo coefficient nkeya yo kwagura ubushyuhe hamwe nubushyuhe bwo hejuru bwumuriro, nka grafite yihariye ya grafite na silicon karbide yibigize, ni indashyikirwa mugukoresha ibizunguruka byihuse, mugihe ceramique ya monolithic oxyde isaba ubwitonzi, bugenzurwa buhoro buhoro mbere ya - protocole yo gushyushya kugirango hirindwe ubushyuhe bwumuriro.

Guhuza imiti no gukora neza

Ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru, imiti ya termodinamike itegeka ko atome ikora cyane, bikongerera cyane umuvuduko wa kinetic ya reaction yimiti iba hagati yumuriro ushongeshejwe nurukuta rwimbere rwibanze. Imiti ikora cyane irashobora gushiramo umwanda udakenewe mu gushonga, igahindura cyane chimie ya alloy kandi ikangiza ibintu byamashanyarazi cyangwa imashini, mugihe gushonga kwibasiye ubwabyo bishobora kwangirika, gushonga, cyangwa kwangirika kurukuta rwubwato, bigatuma habaho kunanirwa kwubaka. Kubwibyo, gusobanukirwa guhuza imiti nikintu gikenewe rwose. Gushonga kwa acide, nka silika - ibirahure bikungahaye hamwe na shitingi ya aside, bisaba ibikoresho birimo aside cyangwa bitagira aho bibogamiye nka quartz ya fuse cyangwa hejuru - isuku ya alumina, mugihe ibintu byibanze byibanze, ibyuma byubutaka bwa alkaline, hamwe nibyuma byangiza bikenera ibikoresho byibanze nka magnesiya cyangwa zirconi ihagaze neza. Guhitamo imiti idahwitse ya chimique itanga ubuziranenge bwimiti yibicuruzwa byanyuma kandi ubuzima bwigihe kirekire bwubwato bwabigenewe ubwabwo.

3. Ibikoresho by'ingenzi byingenzi kandi bikoreshwa

Igishushanyo na Carbone - Bishingiye ku musaraba

Graphite na karubone - bihujwe na silicon karbide yibigize byerekana bimwe mubikoreshwa cyane kandi bigiciro - amahitamo akomeye mubikorwa rusange byubatswe, bitari - metallurgie ferrous, hamwe namahugurwa rusange yo gushonga. Graphite itanga ubushyuhe budasanzwe bwumuriro, butuma ubushyuhe buva mu itanura bwihuta kandi buringaniye kumashanyarazi akomeye, bigabanya cyane ibihe byo gushonga kandi bikagabanya gukoresha ingufu muri rusange. Byongeye kandi, grafite ifite imbaraga zidasanzwe zubukanishi ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru no kurwanya bidasanzwe ubushyuhe bw’umuriro, bigatuma ishobora guhangana n’imikorere ikaze. Igishushanyo kiboneka ni cyiza cyane - gikwiranye no gushonga umuringa - ushingiye ku mavuta, umuringa, umuringa, aluminium, hamwe n’amabuye y'agaciro atandukanye. Nyamara, kubera ko karubone yibanze ari ikintu gikomeye kigabanya kandi igahindura okiside mu kirere cyinshi ku bushyuhe bwo hejuru, izo mbuto zisanzwe zishyizwe hamwe na anti - okiside yo hanze cyangwa ikoreshwa gusa mu kirere cyagenzuwe, mu cyumba cya vacuum, cyangwa itanura ryinjira kugira ngo hatabaho kwangirika kw’imiterere hakiri kare.

Alumina na Oxide Ceramic Crucibles

Iyo hejuru - gushonga bisabwa cyane - nko mugutegura nikel yihariye - ishingiye kuri superalloys, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki bigezweho, ibikoresho bya kirimbuzi, cyangwa urugero - isuku ya laboratoire isesengurwa - ingirangingo za ceramic ceramic ninganda zidashidikanywaho. Imisemburo ya - isukuye alumina (aluminium oxyde) itanga ubudahangarwa bw’imiti idasanzwe, uburyo bwiza bwo gukwirakwiza amashanyarazi, hamwe no kurwanya okiside igera kuri dogere selisiyusi 1800. Kubindi bisabwa cyane mubidukikije bya shimi birimo ibishishwa byibanze cyane, ibyuma bishongeshejwe, cyangwa imyunyu yangirika, magnesia (oxyde ya magnesium) cyangwa yttria - ibamba rya zirconi rihamye. Iriba - ryarashwe, hejuru - isuku ya alumina ifite akamaro kanini ituma ionic yanduza cyane gushonga, bigatuma iba ikintu gikundwa cyane mubashinzwe imiti yisesengura, metallurgiste, hamwe nabahanga mubumenyi bwibikoresho bidashobora kwihanganira imyanda yumutungo muke - gushonga neza.

Kwangirika kw'ibyuma

Kuri ultra - hejuru - ubushyuhe bwo gushonga ubushyuhe burenze rwose imipaka yimikorere ya ceramika gakondo na grafite, ibyuma byangirika byingirakamaro ni ngombwa. Ibikoresho nka platine, molybdenum, tungsten, na tantalum byakozwe muburyo bukomeye - bukora ibishushanyo mbonera byimikorere yihariye yinganda nubushakashatsi bwateye imbere. Ibibumbano bya platine bikoreshwa hose mubikorwa byo gukora ibirahuri bya optique, ibikoresho byo gusesengura amashyuza, hamwe no gutegura ibikoresho bya - byera bya optique na laser kubera ko birwanya byimazeyo okiside yubushyuhe bukabije - hamwe nigitero cyimiti yibintu byinshi byashongeshejwe. Hagati aho, ingunguru ya tungsten na molybdenum ni ngombwa mu gushonga ibyuma bitavunika, ibicanwa bya kirimbuzi, no gukura kimwe - kristu ya safiro cyangwa semiconductor silicon boules, nubwo ubusanzwe bisaba vacuum cyangwa ibidukikije byangiza gaze kugirango birinde ubushyuhe bukabije, -.

4. Guhuza umusaraba kubikorwa byihariye byo gushonga

Gushonga Non - Amavuta ya ferrous hamwe nibyuma byagaciro

Ibidukikije bikora byerekana ibintu bitandukanye bisabwa kubintu bitari - ferrous kandi ibyuma byagaciro. Iyo ushonga zahabu, ifeza, platine, palladium, cyangwa umuringa - bishingiye ku mavuta, impungenge zibanze zikorwa ni ugutakaza ibyuma binyuze mu kwinjiza, okiside, no kwanduza imiti udashaka. Ibumba - grafite cyangwa silikoni ya karbide ya karbide ihitamo kenshi kugirango ushongeshe cyane umuringa, umuringa, numuringa bitewe nubukanishi bwabyo hamwe nubushuhe buhebuje. Kubirebire - ubuziranenge bwibyuma byagaruwe hamwe na laboratoire zisesengura, hejuru - fireclay yumuriro cyangwa umusaraba wa silika wahujwe nibisanzwe. Muri ibyo bikorwa byoroshye, - ibikorwa byagaciro, icyingenzi kigomba kwerekana imbere, kitari - cyoroshye, gisize imbere imbere kugirango hirindwe ibitonyanga bya microscopique yibyuma byashongeshejwe bidafatika burundu kurukuta, byemeza umusaruro mwinshi wibyuma mugihe cyo gusuka.

Ceramics Yambere, Ikirahure, nicyuma gifatika

Mu nzego zateye imbere mu nganda, nk'ubwubatsi bwo mu kirere, ibikoresho bya elegitoroniki, hamwe no gukora ibirahuri byihariye, ibikorwa byo gushonga bikunze guhura n'ibidukikije bikabije, bikabije. Gushonga reaction ya titanium, zirconium, cyangwa idasanzwe yo hejuru - entropy alloys isaba ikintu gikomeye kitazitabira imiti hamwe nigishishwa cyashongeshejwe kugirango kibe ibintu bivanze, bitifuzwa. Hano, tekinike yihariye nkubukonje - gushonga urukuta (bikunze kwitwa gushonga igihanga) birakoreshwa neza, aho amazi - akonje icyuma gikonjesha gikomeza icyuma cyoroshye, gikonje "gihanga" cyicyuma gikomeye ubwacyo nkinzitizi nyayo yibintu, bikuraho burundu imikoranire yimiti hagati yishonga nurukuta rwubwato. Kubirahure byikirahure no gukura kwa kristu ya optique, platine cyangwa hejuru - ingirakamaro ya iridium yabugenewe kugirango hirindwe ibara ryibara ridakenewe, ibibyimba byinshi, cyangwa imiti yangiza imiti yatesha agaciro ibicuruzwa byanyuma.

5. Kubungabunga, Gukemura, no Gukora Ibikorwa Byiza

Mbere - Gushyushya no Gushushanya Porotokole

Ndetse nubuziranenge bwo hejuru -, buhenze cyane burashobora kunanirwa bikabije iyo bikorewe nabi cyangwa byihutirwa gukoreshwa nubushyuhe. Kwinjiza ubuhehere ni umwanzi wibanze, ucecetse wibikoresho bya ceramic; molekile y'amazi ya microscopique yafatiwe cyane muri microstructure irashobora kwaguka byihuse kugera hejuru ya - yumuvuduko mwinshi iyo ushushe, bigatuma ingenzi kumeneka, kumeneka, cyangwa kumeneka bikabije imbere mu itanura. Kubwibyo, pre - gushyushya protocole - akenshi bikubiyemo ubushyuhe bwihuta, bugenzurwa cyane nubushyuhe bugera kuri dogere selisiyusi 200 hanyuma hagakurikiraho gushiramo ubushyuhe - ni itegeko cyane mbere yo kuzana ikintu icyo ari cyo cyose ceramique cyangwa ihambiriye kugeza ku bushyuhe bwuzuye bwibikorwa. Ibikorwa nkibi bigomba kwitabwaho mugihe cyo gukonjesha kugirango wirinde kuvunika kwamashyanyarazi guterwa nubushakashatsi bwihuse, gufungura ibifuniko by'itanura imburagihe, cyangwa gushyira umusaraba ushyushye hasi hasi.

Kugenzura, Gusukura, no Kubika Amabwiriza

Kugabanya igihe cyimikorere yumutekano hamwe numutekano wubushyuhe bwo hejuru - busaba ibintu bisaba gahunda yo kubungabunga ibidukikije. Abakoresha bagomba gukora igenzura ryuzuye kandi ritari - ryangiza mbere ya buri cyiciro cyashonga, kugenzura neza niba imisatsi yatobotse, kunaniza urukuta rwaho, isuri yimiti, cyangwa kwiyubaka. Crucibles igomba guhanagurwa muburyo bwa chimique cyangwa chimique hagati yo gushonga kugirango ikureho igisigara gisigaye gishobora gukorana ubukana n'amafaranga yakurikiyeho. Byongeye kandi, kubika neza ahantu humye, ikirere - ibidukikije bigenzurwa ni ngombwa kugirango wirinde kwegeranya nubushuhe mugihe cyo gutaha. Mugukurikiza byimazeyo aya mabwiriza akoreshwa neza, ibikoresho birinda umutekano muke kubakoresha, bikarinda kunanirwa kubitwara, kandi bigahindura igiciro rusange - imikorere yibikorwa byabo byo hejuru -.

6. Umwanzuro

Guhitamo ibikoresho byingenzi kugirango ushongeshe ubushyuhe - ni icyemezo gikomeye, cyingirakamaro cyane mubikorwa byubwubatsi bigira ingaruka kuburyo butaziguye ubwiza bwibicuruzwa, umutekano wibikorwa, gukoresha ingufu, hamwe nubukungu muri rusange. Uhereye kuri gakondo ya grafite na silicon karbide ikoreshwa mubikorwa byinshi bidahuje - ferrous kugeza kuri - isuku ya alumina hamwe nubwato bwibyuma bidasanzwe byifashishwa mubushakashatsi bwateye imbere no mu kirere, buri bwoko bwingenzi buzana uburinganire bwimiterere yubushyuhe, ubukanishi, nubumashini kumeza. Mugusuzuma witonze nkubushyuhe ntarengwa bwo gukora, kurwanya ubushyuhe bwumuriro, guhuza imiti nubushakashatsi bwashongeshejwe, no gushyira mubikorwa protocole - yo gushyushya no gufata neza, injeniyeri zirashobora kwemeza ko zizewe kandi zifite umutekano. Mugihe metallurgie yinganda nibikoresho siyanse ikomeje gutera imbere byihuse, gusobanukirwa imikoranire igoye hagati ya chimie yashonze nibikorwa byingenzi bizakomeza kuba ubuhanga bwibanze bwo gutunganya ubushyuhe bwo hejuru -.