Boehmite 101: Imiterere ya Crystal, Ibintu, na Mineralogy

1. Intangiriro

Boehmite, imiti irangwa na hydroxide ya aluminium (AlO (OH)), ihagaze nkicyiciro cyibanze, gishimishije cyane, kandi kinyuranye cyane mumyunyu ngugu ya aluminium oxyhydroxide. Nubwo bishobora kubanza kumenyekana nabahanga mu bumenyi bwa geologiya hamwe nabashakashatsi mu bucukuzi bwamabuye y'agaciro nkibisanzwe bigize ubutare bwa bauxite bugenewe gucukurwa ibyuma bya aluminiyumu binyuze mu nzira ya Bayer, boehmite yagiye ihinduka mu myaka myinshi ishize ihinduka - agaciro kihariye k’imiti yihariye, ibanzirizasuzuma rya catalizike, hamwe n’ibikoresho byateye imbere muburyo bwayo bwite. Ibiranga imiterere yihariye, ihindagurika ryumuriro udasanzwe, ubutumburuke bwa chimie yubutaka, hamwe nibidukikije byangiza ibidukikije byayishyize kumwanya wambere mubikorwa byinganda zigezweho, kuva gutunganya peteroli no gutunganya ibidukikije kugeza guca - edge lithium - ibice byumutekano wa batiri hamwe na- imikorere ya polymer nanocomposite.

Gusobanukirwa boehmite bisaba ubushakashatsi butandukanye, ubushakashatsi bwimbitse bwubushakashatsi bwinkomoko yabwo, atome - urwego rwo hejuru rwa kirisiti, imyitwarire ya termodinamike, hamwe nibintu bitandukanye bya fiziki. Kubera ko inganda zigezweho zigenda zisaba ibikoresho byihariye bishobora guhangana n’ibidukikije bikora, bikubahiriza amategeko mpuzamahanga y’umutekano, kandi bigatanga imikorere myiza, boehmite yitabiriwe cyane n’abashakashatsi mu bya siyansi, abahanga mu bikoresho, n’abakora inganda. Iyi ngingo yuzuye itanga ubujyakuzimu -, incamake yuzuye ya boehmite, isuzuma witonze ibibera muri geologiya karemano, imiterere ya kirisiti ya orthorhombic, imiterere yingenzi ya fiziki na chimique, hamwe nibikorwa bitandukanye byinganda bigezweho bishimangira agaciro karambye mubukungu nubuhanga mubukungu bwibikoresho byisi.

2. Mineralogy nibintu bisanzwe bya Boehmite

Imiterere ya geologiya n'imiterere

Boehmite ni imyunyu ngugu ikwirakwizwa cyane igaragara cyane cyane mu bubiko bwa bauxite, bukaba isoko y’ibanze ku isi mu bucuruzi bw’ibyuma bya aluminium na aluminiyumu - zishingiye ku miti. Ikora cyane cyane binyuze mubihe bikabije bya chimique ya aluminium - ifite amabuye ya silikatike, feldspars, hamwe nubutare bwababyeyi butwika cyangwa metamorphic munsi yubushyuhe bwo mu turere dushyuha no mu turere dushyuha, cyangwa ubundi buryo bwo guhindura imyunyu ngugu ya aluminiyose mu gihe cyihariye cya hydrothermal cyangwa diagenetike ya geologiya. Mubice byinshi byingenzi bya bauxite kwisi yose, boehmite ibana cyane nizindi hydroxide ya aluminium na oxyde, cyane cyane gibbsite (Al (OH) 3) na diaspore (AlO (OH)). Ubwinshi bugereranije, kristu, hamwe nogukwirakwiza kwa boehmite mububiko bwa bauxite nkibipimo byingenzi byubukungu nubuhanga mubikorwa byubucukuzi bwamabuye yubucuruzi, kuko boehmite isaba cyane ubushyuhe bukabije, umuvuduko, hamwe nuburyo bwo gusya bwa caustic mugihe cya Bayer yinganda ugereranije na gibbsite, bigira ingaruka muburyo butaziguye mubishushanyo mbonera byinganda, gukoresha ingufu, hamwe nubukungu bukora muri rusange.

Kumenyekanisha hamwe na Crystallography

Ubucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro, boehmite yamenyekanye bwa mbere kandi isobanurwa mu buhanga mu ntangiriro z'ikinyejana cya makumyabiri, amaherezo yaje kwitwa umuhanga mu by'imiti w’umudage w’umudage witwa Johannes Böhm, wakoze ubushakashatsi bw’ibanze ku bijyanye na hydroxide ya aluminiyumu akoresheje uburyo bwa X - ray. Muri kamere, boehmite ntikunze kubaho nkibinini, neza - byakozwe na macroscopique imwe ya kristu ishobora gukusanywa byoroshye n'intoki cyangwa mu bwigunge; Ahubwo, mubisanzwe irerekana nka microcrystalline igiteranyo, imbaga yubutaka, ibumba - nkibigize matrix, cyangwa neza - ibinyampeke birinda amabuye ya amabuye ya bauxite hamwe na profili ya latitiki. Ubuhanga buhanitse bwo gusesengura, nka powder X - itandukanya imirasire (XRD), hejuru - yohereza imiyoboro ya microscopi ya elegitoronike (TEM), scanning electron microscopie (SEM), na Fourier - guhindura infrarafarike ya spekitroscopi (FTIR), ningirakamaro rwose kugirango imenye neza kandi ibe minini ya aluminiyumu. Gusobanukirwa ikwirakwizwa ryarwo rifasha abahanga mu bumenyi bwa geologiya gushushanya genesi ya bauxite kandi igafasha abashakashatsi mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro mu gutunganya ingamba zo gutunganya amabuye y'agaciro - mu bikorwa byo gutunganya aluminium ku isi.

3. Imiterere ya Crystal ya Boehmite

Orthorhombic Crystalline Framework

Kurwego rwa atome, imiterere ya kristu ya boehmite isobanurwa na sisitemu ya orthorhombic lattice, mubisanzwe ikaba iri mumatsinda ya Cmcm. Imyubakire yimbere ya boehmite igizwe ahanini nimpapuro ebyiri cyangwa ibice bya octahedra, aho buri ion yo hagati ya aluminiyumu ihujwe neza na esheshatu zikikije ogisijeni na hydroxyl. Muri iyi mpapuro zagutse, atome ya ogisijeni hamwe nitsinda rya hydroxyl bitondekanye muburyo bwuzuye, bufunga - bipfunyitse, mugihe ion ya aluminiyumu ifata octahedral ihuza intera hagati yabo. Ibisobanuro byububiko hamwe nubushyuhe bwa termodinamike ya boehmite ya kirisiti ya kirisiti ni nini, itondekanye cyane urusobe rukomeye rwa hydrogène rukora neza hagati yimpapuro zegeranye. Ihuriro rikomeye rya hydrogène ihuza imiterere ihuza imiterere, igatanga imbaraga zikomeye zubukanishi, kurwanya imiti, hamwe nubushyuhe bwumuriro ugereranije na hydroxide ya aluminium nka gibbsite, igaragaramo imbaraga zidahuza imbaraga.

Kugereranya Imiterere na Polymorphs

Boehmite isangiye stoichiometrie ya chimique imwe na diaspore, byombi bigashyirwa mubikorwa nka hydroxide ya aluminium oxyde na formulaire ya AlO (OH), nyamara barabika muri sisitemu zitandukanye za kirisiti - boehmite ifite imiterere ya orthorhombic, mugihe diaspore ikora muri sisitemu ya monoclinic. Iyi polymorphism yubatswe ituma habaho ubucucike butandukanye bwumubiri, indege za clavage, indangagaciro zikomeye, nimyitwarire ya termodinamike. Byongeye kandi, iyo ugereranije neza na trihydroxide minerval gibbsite (Al (OH) 3), boehmite irimo amazi make yubatswe kuri atome ya aluminium. Iri tandukaniro ryibanze rya kristu yerekana uburyo buri minerval yitabira kuvura ubushyuhe, bigira ingaruka kumurongo wihariye wurukurikirane rwinzibacyuho ibaho mugihe ibyo bikoresho bikorewe ubushyuhe bwinshi mumashanyarazi, inganda za ceramic, cyangwa ibikoresho byo gusesengura ubushyuhe bwa laboratoire.

4. Ibyiza bya fiziki ya Himiki ya Boehmite

Imyitwarire yubushyuhe nubushyuhe

Kimwe mu bintu byingenzi kandi bikoreshwa mubucuruzi biranga boehmite ni ibiteganijwe, neza - yanditse imyitwarire yubushyuhe. Iyo boehmite ikozwe nubushyuhe bugenda butera imbere, ihura nuruhererekane rwimikorere ihindagurika cyane. Mugihe ubushyuhe bwazamutse hejuru ya dogere selisiyusi 300 kugera kuri dogere selisiyusi hafi 500, lattice ya kirisiti isuka amatsinda yayo ya hydroxyl ihuza imiterere nkumuyaga wamazi meza, ugahinduka muburyo butandukanye muri aluminiyasi yinzibacyuho, nka gamma - alumina, delta - alumina, na tta - alumina, mbere yuko ihinduka kuri dogere {8} Celsius. Iyi gahunda yo kubura umwuma wa endothermic, hamwe nubushobozi bwayo bwo kurekura imyuka yamazi meza mumutekano muke, bituma boehmite ari inzitizi idasanzwe yumuriro hamwe nuburozi butari - uburozi, eco - urumuri rwinshuti - rwuzuza ibyuma bya polymer hamwe na elegitoronike.

Ubutaka bwa Chimie na reaction

Boehmite yerekana chimie idasanzwe yubutaka, irangwa nubuso bwihariye budasanzwe, cyane cyane iyo bihujwe hakoreshejwe inzira yihariye yimvura ya hydrothermal kugirango habeho uduce duto twa nano -, kristu ya fibrous, cyangwa coloidal boehmite sols. Ubuso bwibice bya sintetike ya boehmite ituwe cyane hamwe nitsinda rya hydroxyl ridahinduka, ritanga imiterere yihariye ya amphoteric ituma ishobora gukorana neza nubwoko bwa acide na chimique yibanze mubisubizo. Muguhagarika amazi, boehmite irashobora gukora soloidal solloidal solloidal, umutungo ukoreshwa cyane munzira zitunganijwe za sol - gel zikoreshwa mubutaka bwa tekiniki, gutwikira ibintu, no gukora membrane. Iyi myitwarire idasanzwe ya colloidal, ihujwe na morphologie ihindagurika cyane kuva ku isahani - nka kristu kugeza kuri - icyerekezo - igereranyo cya fibrous inshinge, zemerera abahanga mu bya siyansi guhindura boehmite kugirango bagenzure neza imvugo, ubushobozi bwa adsorption, hamwe na catalizike ya catalogeneque.

5. Akamaro k'inganda nibisabwa bigezweho

Ibibanziriza byihariye Aluminas na Catalizator

Boehmite ikora nkibyingenzi byibanze byinganda zinganda nini nini - inganda nini yo gukora - aluminasi yinzibacyuho, cyane cyane gamma - alumina. Iyi aluminiyasi yinzibacyuho ifite ububobere budasanzwe, ubunyangamugayo bwubatswe, hamwe nubuso bunini bwihariye, bigatuma iba umusemburo wambere ukoreshwa cyane mugutunganya peteroli gutunganya hydroprocessing, guhinduranya ibinyabiziga bya catalitiki, hamwe na reaction ya chimique ikora. Mugucunga neza ibipimo byimvura, imiterere yubusaza, hamwe nogutunganya hydrothermal yumusemburo wa boehmite, abakora imiti barashobora guhuza neza ingano ya pore, ikigereranyo cyo kugereranya ingano ya pore, imbaraga zo kumenagura imashini, hamwe nubutaka bwa acide kugirango bahuze ibyifuzo bya catalizike igezweho.

Porogaramu Zisumbuyeho Kubika Ingufu

Mu myaka yashize, boehmite yasanze kwaguka byihuse, hejuru - ikoreshwa mu ikoranabuhanga mu rwego rwo kubika ingufu ku isi, cyane cyane nk'ibikoresho byo gutwikira ibikoresho bigenewe gutandukanya abitandukanya muri lithium - ion na bateri ya sodium - ion. Bitewe nubushyuhe bukabije bwumuriro, ibikoresho byiza byamashanyarazi, flame {{4} nature imiterere idahwitse, hamwe nubusembure bwa chimique, ifu ya ultra - ifu ya sintetike ya boehmite ifu yubatswe nkurwego ruto rwa ceramic rworoshye kuri bateri ya polymer. Uku gukingira kuringaniza ibinyabuzima birinda kugabanuka gutandukanya, imiyoboro ngufi yimbere, hamwe nubushyuhe bwumuriro munsi yubushyuhe bukabije -, ubushyuhe burenze urugero, cyangwa imisumari - uburyo bwinjira, bityo bikazamura cyane umutekano, kwizerwa, nubuzima bwa bateri yimodoka zikoresha amashanyarazi, gride -.

Flame Retardancy na Nanomaterial Synthesis

Kurenga kubika ingufu na catalizike, boehmite irakoreshwa cyane nka eco - urugwiro, halogen - flame retardant yubusa muri - ikora plastike yubuhanga, ibyuma byandika byumuzunguruko byacapwe, nibikoresho byubwubatsi bigezweho. Iyo byinjijwe muri polymers hejuru yuzuza ibintu byinshi, umwuma wa endothermic dehydrasiyo ukurura ubushyuhe bwibidukikije kandi ugabanya imyuka ya pyrolysis yaka mugihe habaye umuriro. Byongeye kandi, sintetike ya boehmite nanoparticles ikoreshwa cyane nkibishimangira ibyuzuza muri polymer nanocomposite, gushushanya - bitwikiriye optique, hamwe na ceramic filtration membrane, byerekana ubwihindurize budasanzwe bwibicuruzwa biva mu bucukuzi bw'amabuye y'agaciro bugenda butera imbere mu ikoranabuhanga rigezweho.

6. Umwanzuro

Boehmite (AlO) Imiterere yihariye ya orthorhombic kristaliste, irangwa no guhuza ingufu za hydrogène ihuza imbaraga, itanga ubushyuhe budasanzwe bwumuriro hamwe ninzira ziteganijwe guhinduka. Boehmite ifatanije nubuso bwayo bwihariye, ubutaka bwa chimie ya amphoteric, hamwe nibintu bitandukanye bya colloidal, boehmite ituma iterambere ryikoranabuhanga rikomeye mubikorwa bitandukanye byinganda. Kuva nkibikorwa byibanze byibanze - catalizator ikora ishyigikira gukora nkigikoresho gikomeye cyumutekano muke muri bateri ya lithium igezweho - ion hamwe na eco - gicana umuriro wa gicuti muri polymrike ya sintetike, boehmite irerekana uburyo imyunyu ngugu ikomeza gushishikarizwa no guteza imbere udushya mwisi yinganda zigezweho.